New research from the University of Southern California shows that sudden changes in blood pressure — not just high blood pressure — can harm the brain. In a study of adults ages 55 to 89, those whose blood pressure jumped or dropped the most had smaller brain areas tied to memory and higher levels of a protein that signals brain cell damage. These changes showed up even in people with normal blood pressure, suggesting that constant swings may strain blood vessels over time.
Researchers found that people with the biggest changes — often from stiff arteries — had smaller memory-related brain regions and higher levels of a marker for brain injury. These areas, the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, are among the first affected in Alzheimer’s disease. Even when blood pressure seemed well controlled, frequent spikes and dips were linked to brain shrinkage and memory problems.
Experts say this study shows that stable blood pressure is just as important as keeping it low. Quick checks at the doctor’s office can miss these swings, which happen throughout the day. Eating well, exercising, and managing stress can help keep blood pressure steady. Future treatments may focus not only on lowering blood pressure but on helping the body keep it consistent to protect brain health as we age.
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