For many people, heartburn happens once in a while and passes quickly. But when acid reflux becomes frequent, it can slowly damage the esophagus. The esophagus is not built to handle repeated acid exposure, and ongoing irritation can lead to inflammation and lasting changes in the tissue.
Over time, this damage can cause the lining of the lower esophagus to change into abnormal cells that better tolerate acid. This condition, called Barrett’s esophagus, is considered precancerous. While most people with Barrett’s never develop cancer, their risk is much higher than for people without long-term reflux.
Reflux at night is especially harmful because acid can stay in contact with the esophagus for hours. Warning signs include trouble swallowing, chronic cough, throat irritation, voice changes, or daily reflux symptoms. Managing reflux early — by avoiding late meals, reducing trigger foods, staying hydrated and managing stress — may help prevent long-term damage before permanent changes occur.
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